The changes in mineral mass, muscles, connective and adipose tissues have been studied in 1280 children of both sexes at the age of 5-20 years using GE/Lunar (USA) X-ray bone densitometer. No differences in mineral density (MD) of the skeleton have been revealed among boys and girls during the puberty period. The most intensive mineral density maturation was noticed in girls at the age 11-13 years and in boys at 14-17 years. Significant correlations have been found between mineral mass and body area as well as mineral mass and body weight.
1800 adults at the age of 21-85 years have been studied in order to investigate mineral mass/soft tissue mass (MM/STM) index in dynamics. MM/STM index was 0,041 at the age of 16 years, 0,061 at the age of 21-25 years and remained stable up to 50 years. At the age from 51 till 65 years it has been slightly reduced (0,050). At the age from 66 till 80 years it has been reduced more sharply up to 0,040.
The ratio mineral mass/adipose tissue mass was maximal at the age of 21-25 years - 0,102 and started to reduce up to 0,095 at the age of 26-30 years owing to the fat accumulation in women. At the age of 50 the index was 0,070, at the age of 80 years - 0,051.

The aim was to estimate the effects of treatment with alendronate (Fosomax 35 mg) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and subclinical hyperthyroidism. Thirty postmenopausal women (64 (60-69) years old) with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ -2,5) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (77% with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism and 23% on L-thyroxine suppres-sive therapy after thyroidectomy due to differentiated thyroid cancer) were randomly assigned into two groups: 1-14 women received Fosamax 35 mg a week in combination with 500 mg of calcium and 400 UI of Vitamin D3 (VD) daily; 2-16 women received 1000 mg of calcium and 800 UI of VD daily. Euthyroidism was achieved in all women with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. An increase in physical activity was recommended to all patients and a hypolipidemic diet was given to those who had had high cholesterol level. Biochemical parameters (calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), creatinine (Cre), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol/HDL ratio) in fasting serum as well as calcium/creatinine ratio in fasting urine (U-Ca/U-Cre); biochemical markers of bone metabolism: osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (b-CTx) serum ("ECLIA", Roche Elecsys 1010/2010), BMD (DXA; Prodigy, Lunar) at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH) and radius total (RT) were measured at the baseline visit and after 1 year of treatment. At the baseline visit there were not found any differences between the 1 and the 2 groups. After 12 months of treatment the markers of bone metabolism as well as ALP decreased significantly in both groups, though the decreases were significantly greater (p<0.001 for both OC and b-CTx) in the 1 versus the 2 group. BMD in the 1 group increased by 7,6% at L1-L4 (p=0,003), 2,8% at FN (р=0,013), 3,3 % at TH (p=0,012) and 3,2 % at RT (р=0,047). There was not detected any BMD loss in the 2 group. The changes were not significant between the two groups. The levels of Ca, P, Cre, U-Ca/U-Cre did not change in both groups. Significant improvements in lipid levels were found: HDL increased (р=0.035 1 group p=0,034 2 group), cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased (p=0,011 - 1; p=0,004 - 2). In addition, cholesterol (р=0,003); TG (p=0,016) and LDL (p=0,006) decreased for patients from the 1 group. Conclusion: The achievement of euthyroidism and Fosamax 35 mg a week increase BMD in all regions of the skeleton in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and subclinical hyperthyroidism and reduce bone resorption significantly more than Calcium and VD supplementation.

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the combined treatment with calcium and middle (400 mg daily) or high doses (800 mg daily) of vitamin D for prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with osteopenia in spine. Thirty patients, 45-70 years old, were divided into 3 equal groups: the women in the group 1 were treated with vitamin D3 400 IU. and calcium 1000 mg daily; the women in the group 2 received vitamin D3 800 IU and calcium 1000 mg daily; the patients from the group 3 did not receive any supplementation - the control 1 group.
A significant increase in BMD was found at lumbar spine (+1.9 % after 6 months, p<0.05) and trochanter (+4.6% after 6 months and +5.5% after 12 months, p<0.01) in the group 1. BMD did not significantly change in all regions of the skeleton in the group 2. However, there was a significant decrease vs. baseline in BMD at lumbar spine (p<0.05), Ward's triangle (p<0.05), trohanter (p<0.05) and total femur (p<0.001) in control group. We found a significant decrease of PTH, serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase in both treated groups, and there was a significant increase of PTH, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin and a decrease in serum calcium and daily calcium excretion in the control group.
These results demonstrate that combine therapy with calcium and middle or high doses of vitamin D is effective for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Moreover, the consumption of the higher doses of vitamin D (800IU) increases BMD at spine and femur in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

The presence of risk factors for osteoporosis has been found in 87,1% of investigated patients with somatic diseases. Osteoporosis was diagnosed more frequently in males with somatic diseases, than in females with somatic diseases. Moreover, males had lower BMD versus females. The prevalence of osteoporosis depended on age for men, but did not for women. The presence of somatic disease and/or the risk factors for osteoporosis are the most important factors in the development of osteoporosis without any dependence on sex.

Among patients with somatic diseases the most of those who had had the history of femoral neck fracture suffered from cardiovascular diseases. The consulting room for osteoporosis was established in the Moscow out-patients' clinic. More than 87% of patients with somatic diseases had the risk factors for osteoporosis. Low BMD was found in more than 72% of these patients. Thus, the consulting room for osteoporosis based on out-patients' clinic let us to diagnose and treat osteoporosis in proper time as well as to prevent the development of osteoporosis in patients with different somatic diseases.