Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a widespread complex disease with strong genetic predisposition. The aim of this study was to fnd association of (CA)n polymorphism of calcitonin gene (CALCA) with the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis and serum calcitonin level in Russian women from Volga-Ural region. DNA samples of 372 women aged from 48 to 77 years old (175 with fractures and 197 without fractures) were used in the study. Femoral neck BMD was measured in 185 women, lumbal spine BMD - in 203 women. The serum calcitonin was measured in 168 women. Eight alleles of (CA)n polymorphism were revealed: each allele contained 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 CA repeats. CALCA*10*10 genotype is a marker of the decreased risk of osteoporosis (OR = 0,21) and osteopenia (OR = 0,21). CALCA*10*10 and CALCA*17*17 genotypes were shown to be
associated with high femoral neck BMD. Statistically signifcant association of CALCA*17 allele with the increased calcitonin level have been shown.

City Clinical Hospital №21, Ufa The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of proximal hip fracture in minimal trauma during the period from 2000 to 2005 in persons aged 50 years or more living in Ufa. The information was obtained from the medical documentation of City Clinical Hospital № 13 of Ufa and Republican administration of statistics of Rosstat. There're 7 districts in Ufa the population of Kalinin district is 195 722, the population of the city is 1036026. People living in one of the Ufa's biggest districts -
Kalinin district who had proximal hip fracture (medial and lateral fractures of neck of femur, ICD-820) from 2000 to 2005 were chosen as the objects of the study. The results
were expressed as incidence per 100 000 persons. The overall incidence of the fractures was 129,8, 123,1 in men and 133,9 in women, the overall incidence of the fractures in minimal trauma - 124,4, 110,5 in men and 133,6 in women (in regards to the general number of fractures it was 89% and 99% correspondingly). The F:M ratio was 1,2. The study showed that the incidence of all types of hip fracture in men was significantly increasing, including in minimal trauma. We also found the increase of hip fracture incidence with age. The results of the retrospective analysis of the hip fracture incidence during the period from 2000 to 2005 showed that Ufa was the city with moderate incidence of the fractures.

There were analysed bone mineral density (BMD) and spine roentgenograms in 15 candidates to heart transplantation and 24 recipients of heart transplantation in early (till 1 year) as far as late (till 12 years) period following operation. BMD showed axial osteopenia in terminal heart failure and early period after heart transplantation. There was progressive fail of axial and hip BMD in late period following heart transplantation to the degree of osteoporosis (axial osteoporosis was 3 times more often in late then in early period after operation while femur osteoporosis was only in late period). Femur BMD in neck, trochanter and Ward triangle inverse correlated with cumulated prednisolone dose. Ward triangle BMD inverse correlated with cumulative cyclosporine dose while axial BMD did not correlate any immunosuppressive drug. Vertebra fractures arised in terminal heart failure and did not progress after heart transplantation.

Hypogonadism is the most popular cause of BMD decreasing not only in women, but also in men. There are several studies showed a correlation between duration of hypogonadism and BMD reducing degree.
Despite wide light exposure of osteoporosis problem at women with hyperprolactinemia, there are a few researches devoted to the same question at men.
The aim of our study was to assess the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism and the bone mineral density (BMD) in men with tumoral and not tumoral hyperprolactinemia.
In 24 men with hyperprolactinemia and 17 healthy controls we evaluated BMD, serum osteocalcin (OK) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), as well as calcium total, ionized calcium and alkaline phosphatase. All men with hyperprolactinemia were also studied after 24 months of cabergoline treatment.
The results showed significant differences between study groups in BMD of vertebra and femur bone (p = 0,000052 up = 0,002718). We confirm increasing of BMD in vertebra and femur bone after cabergoline treatment (p = 0,003 и p = 0,027).

Aim: to assess compliance to osteoporosis (OP) prophylaxis recommendations and its influence on mineral bone density (BMD) and development of comorbid diseases in postmenopause.
Methods: prospective cohort study included 404 postmenopausal women aged from 47 to 59 with OP risk
factors. BMD was assessed by distant forearm X-ray absorptiometry. Comorbid diseases were registered. Compliance to recommendations was assessed by questionnaire..
Results. Group 1 consisted of 276 non-compliant women. Group 2 (128 persons) changed their lifestyle and consumed recommended amount of daily calcium and vitamin D. Group 1 demonstrated significant increase of coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure and a fraction of persons in whom BMD decreased during 2 years of survey(x2 = 6.986; P = 0.017).. Relative risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure and glucose metabolism disorders significantly decreased in group 2.
Comclusion: constant co-operation between doctors and patients is necessary to keep the patient compliant and to obtain clinically relevant results in OP prophylaxis.

Early diagnostic of osteoporosis is difficult; therefore a lot of researches are devoted to risk factors of this disease. We performed the search in bibliographic bases MEDLINE and Cochrane Collaboration from 2004 on 2008. Key words were the following: osteoporosis and risk factors, osteoporosis and falls, fractures, bone and risk factors. Also we used the data of several national recommendations devoted to management of osteoporosis. We have found 534 articles; after analysis of their quality two experts have selected 37 researches. In this article the data about role of risk factors of osteoporosis are shown, the analysis of there influence on fractures is performed.