Axial and periferal bone mineral density (BMD) was estimated by DXA twice within 1-47 months in 16 patients following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Osteoporosis and osteopenia of lumbar spine and hip were identified in the first examination of all 9 recipients (group 1) with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and in 5 out of 7 (71%) patients with viral hepatitic cirrhosis (group 2). Recipients which were firstly examined within 1-7 months following OLT (subgroups 1A, 2A) through 9±2.8 months showed in 1A axial BMD elevation (on 20.7+13.2% ; P=0.024) and in 2A axial so as hip BMD elevation (on 10.5+2.7%;P=0.001 and 8.1+5.9%;P< 0.05). Recipients which were examined later 18 months after OLT demonstrated no increase in BMD (subgroups 1B and 2B). Moreover two of them with PBC showed decrease in BMD, probably, as a result of transplant dysfunction and immunosuppression with glucocorticoids.

It is spent prospective 15 years research on studying combined pathologies (the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis) and the general risk factors of these diseases in women at transition from reproductive in postmenopausal period. It has been shown, that the combination the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis at postmenopausal women meets in 8 % of cases. Behavioural risk factors the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, such as features ofa food, the body mass, an inactive way of life and smoking have integrated character, promoting development of both pathologies, however influence of these riskfactors on development the diseases a miscellaneous. The social status and reproductive function ofwomen make significant impact on formation of risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Timely revealing risk factors and influence on them can promote prevention both the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis, to constrain the further development of these diseases and to reduce the economic injury put to public health services and the patient.

Although the minimal dose of 17β-estradiol in hormone replacement regimens was originally considered to be 2 mg/day, it is now increasingly accepted that a lower dose of 1 mg/day is effective in protecting women from the detrimental effects of the menopause and has a better safety profile. The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness and tolerability of minimal dose of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - femoston 1/5 in postmenopausal women with spine osteopenia.
Study comprised 26 postmenopausal women aged 45-65 years with T-score L2-L4 <1.0 and >2.5 SD. Treated group consisted of 16 women (average age 54.8+5.59 years and postmenopausal age 6.81+4.59 years) received femoston 1/5 (17β-estradiol 1 mg/ daily continuously combined with dydrogesterone 5 mg/daily) for 12 months. Control group included 10 subjects (average age 56.7+4.11 years and postmenopausal age 11.5+8.09 years). BMD and biochemical parameters were measured at baseline and in 6 and 12 months and climacteric symptoms were assessed at baseline and in 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.
The increase in BMD were seen in lumbar spine +5.2%, total proximal femur +2.1% and trochanter +3.1% (р<0.01 vs. baseline in 12 months) in treated group. BMD significantly decreased in total proximal femur -1.3% and Ward's triangle -2% (p<0.05 vs. baseline in 12 months) and in femoral neck -0.6% (p<0.01 vs. baseline in 6 months) in control group. There was a lowering in PTH from 72.7+23.2 to 58.2+12.8 (p<0.05), alkaline phosphatase from 78.2+21.1 to 69.8+19.1 U/l (p<0.05 vs baseline, p<0.01 vs control) and osteocalcin from 33.0+10.1 to 25.4+9.28 ng/ml (p<0.05) in treated group in 6 months. We also found an increase in PTH from 46.9+13.4 to 54.9+11.1 pg/ml (p<0.05) and alkaline phosphatase from 86.0+15.6 to 100.0+15.0 U/l (p<0.05) in 6 months in controls. Treatment with femoston 1/5 improved blood lipid panel and acute climacteric symptoms. Modified menopausal index significantly diminished in the first month of the therapy (p<0.001). Tolerability of HRT was satisfactory.
Conclusions: The lower dose of oestrogen effectively increases BMD, lowering bone turnover, and improves calcium homeostasis, blood lipid profile and acute climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women with osteopenia.

Last years a lot of researches in the world were devoted to the problem of relationship between cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis at elderly patients. According to results of these researches were shown several uniforms pathogenetic mechanisms, and now it allows us to tell about them as about «calcium scarce illnesses». Now there are bases to recognize existence of the general pathologic mediators of the bone and cardiovascular systems which leads to develop of diseases of heart and vessels. Knowledge of the general laws of patho-genesis will allow developing more effective measures on preventive maintenance of their complications and decreasing the frequency of these diseases.